● A look at judges appointed by presidents to the federal appeals courts, through June 2004. The study by the Chicago Judges Project at the University of Chicago Law School focused on cases involving ideologically contested issues such as environmental protection, sex and racial discrimination, abortion and campaign finance.
For example, President Eisenhower's appointees were seen as voting a liberal position in 31 such cases and a conservative position in 17 others, or 65 percent liberal.
Liberal Conserv. Percent President votes votes liberal votes
Eisenhower (R) 31 17 65
Kennedy (D) 40 27 60
Johnson (D) 308 265 54
Nixon (R) 381 435 47
Ford (R) 211 256 45
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Carter (D) 1,148 956 55
Reagan (R) 1,839 2,979 38
Bush I (R) 948 1,652 36
Clinton (D) 1,498 1,589 49
Bush II (R) 68 108 39
Total 6,472 8,284 44
SOURCE: The Associated Press
