In the Arizona desert, a farm raising fish raises questions about water use

DATELAND, Ariz. — Storks scatter, white against blue water, as Dan Mohring's pickup truck rumbles down the dirt road. He's towing a trailer full of ground-up beef, chicken, fish and nutrient bits behind him, ready to be shot out of a cannon into the ponds below.

It's time to feed the fish.

Mohring fires up the machine and the food flies out in a rainbow arc. Then the water comes alive. Hundreds of thrashing, gobbling barramundi wiggle their way to the surface, all fighting for a piece. Until, in a few months, they will become food themselves.

In the desert of landlocked Arizona, where the Colorado River crisis put water use under a microscope, Mainstream Aquaculture has a fish farm where it's growing the tropical species barramundi, also known as Asian sea bass, for American restaurants.

Mainstream sees it as a sustainable alternative to ocean-caught seafood. They say chefs and conscious consumers like that the food has a shorter distance to travel, eliminating some of the pollution that comes from massive ships that move products around the world.

They and some aquaculture experts also argue it's efficient to use the water twice, since the nutrient-rich leftovers can irrigate crops.

"We're in the business of water," said Matt Mangan, head of Australia-based Mainstream's American business. "We want to be here in 20 years', 30 years' time."

But some experts question whether growing fish on a large scale in an arid region can work without high environmental costs. The state is dealing with the impacts of climate change, which is making the region drier and water only more precious.

The farm uses groundwater, not Colorado River water. It's a nonrenewable resource, and like mining, different people and industries have different philosophies about whether it should be extracted.

"As long as groundwater is treated as an open resource in these rural parts of Arizona, they're susceptible to new industries coming in and using the groundwater for that industry," said Sarah Porter, director of the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University's Morrison Institute.

Some scientists believe aquaculture can play a role in protecting wild ocean ecosystems from overfishing. It might play a small role in smoothing supply problems that result from the Trump administration's tariffs on imports from dozens of countries, including those that send the U.S. about 80% of its seafood, per the United States Department of Agriculture.

A two-for-one deal?

In the greenhouses at University of Arizona professor Kevin Fitzsimmons' lab in Tucson, tilapia circle idly in tanks that filter down into tubs full of mussels and floating patches of collard greens and lettuce. Fitzsimmons mentored the student who started the tilapia farm eventually bought by Mainstream about three years ago where they now raise barramundi.

"I don't think desert agriculture is going away," he said. "Obviously, we want to do it as water-efficient as possible."

But not everyone agrees it's possible.

"Artificial ponds in the desert are stupid," said Jay Famiglietti, a professor at ASU and director of science for the Arizona Water Innovation Initiative. He worried about heavy water losses to evaporation.

Mangan says that evaporation hasn't been an issue so much as the loss of heat in the wintertime. That required pumping more water since its warmth when it arrives at the surface helps keep the barramundi cozy. He says the company improved pond design to retain heat better and found, after the last year of research and development, that it can cut its water requirement by about half as a result.

Plus, he argues, the water coming out of the fish ponds is "essentially liquid fertilizer," and though it's slightly salty, it's used for crops that can tolerate it, such as Bermuda grass dairy cows can eat.

But that's supporting the cattle industry, which contributes more than its share of planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, Famiglietti said.

Some farmers in Arizona rely on water from the Colorado River, but many others use well water to irrigate crops like alfalfa for the dairy industry or the lettuce, cucumbers and melons shipped nationwide year-round.

Arizona has seven areas around the state where groundwater is rigorously managed. Dateland doesn't fall into one of those, so the only rule that really governs it is a law saying if you own land there, you can pump a "reasonable" amount of groundwater, said Rhett Larson, who teaches water law at ASU.

What might be considered "reasonable" depends from crop to crop, and there's really no precedent for aquaculture, an industry that hasn't spread commercially statewide.

Using numbers provided by Mainstream, Porter calculated that the fish farm would demand a "very large amount" of water, on par with a big ranch or potentially even more than some suburbs of Phoenix.

Alternative to wild-caught fish

The seafood industry needs to reduce its reliance on catching small wild fish to feed bigger farmed ones that humans eat, said Pallab Sarker, an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who studies sustainability in the aquaculture industry. He said seabirds and mammals rely on small species like anchovies and mackerel commonly used in fish meal.

"We should not rely on ocean fish to grow fish for aquaculture to meet the demand for humans," Sarker said.

Mainstream gets its fish feed from two suppliers, Skretting and Star Milling, but Mangan and Mohring said they didn't know for certain where those suppliers got their base ingredients from.

Fitzsimmons also pointed out that between pollution, overfishing and oceanfront development for recreation, the commercial fishing industry already faced problems. He doesn't think Trump's moves to open up marine protected areas for commercial fishing will improve that situation the way aquaculture could.

"We can't keep hunting and gathering from the ocean," he said.