US economic growth slows in second quarter

WASHINGTON — U.S. economic growth slowed in the second quarter as imports widened the trade deficit, but robust consumer spending and business investment related to the build out of artificial intelligence infrastructure underscored strong domestic demand.

The moderation reported by the Commerce Department in its snapshot of gross domestic product Thursday also reflected continued inventory drawdown to meet the strong demand as well as the reduction of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which weighed on federal government expenditures.

The report suggested the economy weathered the initial oil price shock from the Middle East conflict, though renewed hostilities between the United States and Iran posed a downside risk to growth in the second half of the year.

Broad tax refunds this year from President Donald Trump's tax and spending bill, which helped to fuel consumer spending last quarter, are behind, leaving households without much of a cushion as average gasoline prices rose back above $4 a gallon.

Income growth cooled in tandem with a stable labor market, increasing moderately in June, and the saving rate is at a four-year low of 2.7%, adding to the economy's growing vulnerabilities, economists said. Consumers have been dipping into savings and saving less to maintain spending.

"Underlying growth was solid, but is unlikely to be sustained," said Oliver Allen, senior U.S. economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics. "The boost from tax refunds is fading fast, underlying income growth is very weak, higher gas prices still are putting pressure on spending elsewhere, and the personal saving rate is well below its long-run average."

Gross domestic product increased at a 1.5% annualized rate last quarter, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis said in its advance estimate of second-quarter GDP.

Economists polled by Reuters had forecast GDP rising at a 2.1% pace. But the survey was conducted before the release of June's advance economic indicators report on Tuesday, which prompted some economists to cut their GDP estimates by as much as 0.8 percentage point to as low as a 1.5% pace.

The economy grew at a 2.1% pace in the first quarter.

Consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of U.S. economic activity, surged at a 3.2% rate after abruptly slowing to a 0.5% growth pace in the January-March quarter.

In addition to larger tax refunds, spending was boosted by higher-income households that are benefiting from strong growth in asset prices. The recently ended FIFA World Cup tournament also likely added to the strength as did midterm election-related spending by nonprofits.

The AI investment boom, which shows no signs of slowing despite investor concerns that valuations of many technology companies have become stretched, also helped boost underlying demand. Business spending on equipment increased at a 15.2% pace, notching a second straight quarter of double-digit growth.

AI build out

But the AI build out is heavily reliant on imports, contributing to a widening in the trade deficit. The trade shortfall sliced off 1.01 percentage points from GDP growth, the most since the first quarter of 2025. Imports, which posted a second straight quarter of double-digit growth, were also lifted by businesses front-loading orders in anticipation of higher prices from tariffs and the Iran war.

A large increase in imports is normally offset by a rise in inventories. But inventories continued to be depleted because of the strong demand, subtracting 0.67 percentage point from GDP growth last quarter. Government spending contracted at a 0.8% pace as federal outlays fell at a 4.1% rate.

"Demand exceeded supply in the second quarter," said Carl Weinberg, chief economist at High Frequency Economics. "The gap between what people and companies wanted to buy and the amount of goods and services the economy could produce with the available supply of labor was filled by companies drawing down inventories and importing goods from abroad, despite tariffs."

Final sales to private domestic purchasers, which exclude trade, inventories and government spending, increased at a 3.9% pace. That was the fastest increase in this measure of domestic demand since the first quarter of 2023 and followed a 1.7% pace of growth in the January-March quarter.

Stocks on Wall Street rebounded after a recent sell-off as an upbeat forecast from Microsoft calmed worries about the massive AI spending. The dollar slipped versus a basket of currencies, suffering steep losses against the yen amid speculation of intervention by Japanese authorities to prop up the currency.

U.S. Treasury prices fell, with the yield on the 30-year bond scaling a 19-year high as mixed signals from Federal Reserve Chairman Kevin Warsh on the central bank's policy path unsettled investors.

The U.S. central bank left its benchmark overnight interest rate in a 3.50%-3.75% range Wednesday. Three members of the U.S. central bank's policy-setting committee dissented. They "preferred" a quarter-percentage-point hike.